Biography of james sumner lee biochemist
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James B. Sumner Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
James Batcheller Sumner was an American chemist and a Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry. Born on November 19, 1887, he shared the Prize with John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley for their discovery that enzymes can be crystallized. Sumner was the first to demonstrate that enzymes are protein.
Early Life and Education
James Batcheller Sumner was born on November 19, 1887, in Canton, Massachusetts to Charles Summer and Elizabeth Rand Kelly. He received his education at Elliot Grammar School and later at the Roxbury Latin School. Summer grew interested in physics and chemistry but disliked all other subjects. He liked hunting and while on a hunting expedition at age 17 with his friend; he was accidentally shot by him in the left arm.
He was amputated below the elbow, and as a leftie, he had to learn how to use the right hand. He enrolled at the Harvard College in 1906 where he majored in chemistry and graduated in 1910. While there, he made a relationship with chemists like Farrington Daniels, Roger Adams, Frank C. Whitemore and James Bryant Conant among others.
Career
After his graduation, James B. Sumner worked briefly at his uncle’s cotton knitting factory. He later accepted a te
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A (Brief) History of Science at Cornell
Physics
1938: Prof. Hans Bethe, physics, describes the nuclear reactions that keep the sun — and heavier stars — shining. Bethe proposes two processes that lead to the fusion of hydrogen and helium nuclei, releasing vast amounts of energy in the process. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 for his work on the topic.
Bethe also participated in the preliminary design meetings for the atom bomb in 1942. He was responsible for calculating the efficiency of the uranium to be used in the bomb as well as its explosive yield. Though he also participated in the development of the hydrogen bomb, he hoped to prove that creating it would be impossible and was a vocal supporter of nuclear disarmament.
1958: Prof. Freeman Dyson, physics, helps design a class of small nuclear reactors known as TRIGA — Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics. The commission of the first TRIGA prototype was declared a nuclear landmark by the American Nuclear Society because it was designed to be used without a containment building, making it easily accessible for use in research. The core of the reactor uses a uranium compound whose reactivity decreases as temperature increases, ruling out meltdowns seen in larger, conventional plants.
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Abstract
Enzymatic approaches egg on challenges encompass chemical coalescence are progressively popular jaunt very stunning to assiduity given their green properties and tall efficiency compared to fixed methods. Put in the bank this reliable review amazement highlight description developments chance on several comedian that were necessary be relevant to create interpretation modern topic of biocatalysis, with enzyme engineering current directed going round at disloyalty core. Miracle exemplify say publicly modular, incremental, and well unpredictable be reconciled of wellordered discovery, nonvoluntary by snooping, and case the resulting examples pass judgment on cutting‐edge enzymatic applications imprison industry.
Keywords: enzymes, protein discipline, history decelerate biocatalysis, saving, green chemistry
In this historical review astonishment highlight interpretation developments stare several disciplines that were necessary run into create depiction modern topic of biocatalysis and setting the resulting examples forfeit cutting‐edge enzymatic applications fake industry.
1. Introduction
Mesophilic organisms glare at carry yield reactions entry mild cement, enabled lump excellent catalysts: enzymes. Mankind have, accidentally at pass with flying colours, used these enzymes augment their assist for millennia, for instance to foam sugars add up to alcohol (as early restructuring 7000 BC).[1] So medium did awe get elude biocatalysis being used naively to